Although psychoanalysis has firm roots in neurology, these were severed when it found neuroscientific concepts inapplicable and, owing partly to its isolated position, failed to find or was unwilling to try to make contacts with the modern neurosciences. Currently there is abundant evidence that many psychoanalytical concepts indeed have a neurobiological basis. It is desirable that psychoanalysts and neuroscientists should cooperate. In this respect the neuroscientist Kandel speaks of a revitalization of psychoanalysis.